International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
INVESTIGATION OF RADIOLOGICAL BASELINE PARAMETERS OF PROPOSED NUCLEAR FACILITY SITE IN SOUTH - SOUTH NIGERIA
Abstract
Countries with insufficient electrical seek other alternatives amongst others in nuclear power. However, its perceived threats which adversely impact on people and the environment, has made radiological baseline assessment vital prior to nuclear power development. The aim was conducting radiological baseline evaluations on proposed nuclear power plant site in Itu, Southern, Nigeria situated at 5010’0” N; 7059’0”E. A systematic random method in demarcated radiological monitoring zones was employed, using RDS-31S/R survey meter, Hyper Pure Germanium detector and Channel Protean Instrument Corporation equipment. The Background Ionizing Radiation ranged (0.041±0.002 - 0.045±0.002) µSv/hr with mean of 0.042±002µSv/hr. Also, the gross alpha concentration ranged (0.019±0.009 - 0.148±0.022) Bql-1 with mean of 0.055±0.014 Bql-1, and gross beta concentration ranged (0.015±0.013 - 0.401±0.033) Bql-1 with mean of 0.120±0.019 Bql-1 for water samples. Furthermore, the mean activity concentration for soil, sediment samples were recorded as (47.98±8.43) Bqkg-1, (15.15±1.37) Bqkg-1, (38.65±6.22) Bqkg-1 and (41.55±6.04) Bqkg-1 for 226Ra, 238U, 232Th and 40K respectively. Lastly, 137Cs ranged (1.08±0.26 - 2.97±0.40) Bq.kg-1 with mean of 0.32±0.13 Bqkg-1. The radiological hazard indices estimations for Gamma Dose Rate, Annual Effective Dose Rate, Radium Equivalent, External Hazards index and Committed Effective Dose. These analysed values and evaluated hazard indices were within admissible limits and poses no significant radiological threat to human and environment. This study can be used to establish radiological baseline prior to commencement of the nuclear facility in the area.
Keywords
References
Akwa Ibom State (AKS) (2014). Projected Population 2007 – 2015, Ministry Of Economic Development Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, 1, 1-11.
Allen, J.R.L. (2011). The Nigerian Continental Margin, Bottom Sediments, Submarine Morphology and Geological Evolution. Journal of Marine Geology, 1(4), 289-332.
Al‐Sulaiti, H. (2009) Determination of Natural Radioactivity Levels of the State of Qatar Using High‐Resolution Gamma‐ray Spectrometry. MPhil to PhD Transfer Report, Department of Physics (University of Surrey).
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1995). Standard test method for Alpha particle Radioactivity of Water. Standard test method for beta particle radioactivity of water. ASTM D1943-90 and 1890-90.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2005). Standard Guide for High- Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Soil Samples, Annual Book of ASTM Standard International, Standard Worldwide. 12(1), 1402-1404.
Anuforo E. & Onyedika U. N. (2016). Nigeria Russia okay pact to build nuclear plants in Kogi, Akwa-Ibom. Guardian Newspaper online. Last Accessed: November 21, 2018, Available at https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria-Russia-okay-pact-to-build- nuclear-plants- in-kogi-akwa
Avwiri, G.O. & Agbalagba, E.O. (2007). Survey of Gross Alpha and Beta Radionuclide Activity in Okpare-Creek Delta State. Nigerian Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(22), 3542-3546.
Avwiri, G.O., Osimobi, J.C., & Ononugbo, C. P. (2016). Gross Alpha and Beta Activity Concentration and Committed Effective Dose due to intake of water in Solid Mineral Producing Areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physics and Applications, 8(1), 33-43.
Ayoade, B.O. (1998). Adaptation to climate change in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Perspective framework and priorities, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 149-155.
Beka, J.E., & Udom, G.J. (2014). Quality Status of Groundwater in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science Invention Today, 3(5), 436-449.
Beretka, J., & Mathew, P.J. (1985). Natural Radioactivity of Australian Building, Materials, Industrial Wastes and By-products. Health Physics, 48, 87-95.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (2011). Timeline, Nuclear Plant Accidents. Last Accessed 23rd March 2018, Retrieved at www.bbc.com/news/world-13047267.
Ekong, G. B., & Audu, B. N. (2014). Gamma Ray Spectroscopy, Effect of Strength and Distance Performance of the Detector. Journal of Science and the Environment 1(2),1-12.
Ekong, G. B., Sambo, I., & Sayaidi, S. (2016). Determination of Radionuclides Surface Concentration and Radiation level in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, 2(1),757-764.
Ekong, G. B., Sambo, I., & Sayaidi, S. (2016). Determination of Radionuclides Surface Concentration and Radiation level in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, 2(1),757-764.
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Abdullahi Mundi., Benson, N. (2020). Natural Radioactivity Level and human exposure assessments in surface waters of Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Radiation and Research (Under Review)
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Akpanowo, M., Benson, N. (2019). Assessment of Radiological Hazard Indices from Exposures to Background Ionizing Radiation Measurements in South-South Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis. 7(2)40-47
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Samson D. Yusuf Akpanowo, M., Benson, N. (2020). Baseline Radioactivity and Associated Radiological Hazard Levels in Soil Samples, Southern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Under Review)
Essien, I.E. & Akpan, E.N. (2016). Evaluation of Radiological Hazard Indices Due to Radioactivity in Quarry Sites in Itu, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 4(3),71-77.
Etuk S.E., Essiett A. A. & Agbasi, O.E. (2017). Measurement of outdoor ambient radioactive radiation and evaluation of radiation indices and Excess Life Cancer Risk within Uyo, Unity Park, Uyo, Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environmental and Earth Science International, 9(4):1-9.
Famuyide,, O.O., Adu A.O., & Ojo M.O. (2004). Socio-Economic Impacts of Deforestation in the Sudano- Sahelian Belt of Nigeria. Journal of Forestry Research and Management, 1(2),94–106.
Hewamanna, R., Sumithrarachchi, C. S., Mahawatte, P., & Nanayakkara, H. L. C. (2001). Natural radioactivity and gamma dose from Sri Lankan clay bricks used in building construction. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 54(2),365- 369
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International Atomic Energy Agency (1999). Generic Procedures for Monitoring in a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency. IAEA Vienna Austria, IAEA- TECDOC–1092, 12-156.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2005a). Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations, Radiological Assessment Report Series, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1-59.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2005b). Environmental and Source Monitoring for Purpose of Radiation Protection, IAEA Safety Standard Series No. RS- G-1.8, IAEA,Vienna, Austria, 10-130.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2014a). The use of the international Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) for Event Communication, IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2014b). Managing Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction and Operation in new Nuclear Power Programme, Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-3.11, IAEA, Vienna, Austria,1-30.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (1990). The Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals 21,1-3.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (2009). Application of the Commission’s Recommendation to the protection of people in Emergency Exposure Situation, ICRP Publication, 39, 5-12.
Karekezi, R. (1997). Renewable Energy Technologies in Africa. Zed Books Limited with African Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN) and Stockholm Environment Institute.
Knoll G. F. (2010). Radiation Detection and Measurement. Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 123 - 506.
Lilley, J.S (2001). Nuclear Physics -Principle and Applications. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, New York, 4-295.
Mantazul, I. C. (1979). Concentration of Radionuclides in Building and Ceramic Materials of Bangladesh and Evaluation of Radiation Hazard. Journal of Radio- analytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 231(2),122.
Martin A., Harbison, S., Beach K., & Cole, P. (2012). An Introduction Radiation Protection. Fifth Edition, Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education, Hachette UK, 6 -209.
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) (2010). Environmental Impact Assessment Guidance Manual – For Nuclear Power Plants, Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants and Nuclear Waste Management Plants, Government of India, New Delhi, India. 7-8.
Mordi, C. N. O, Englama, A., & Adebusuyi, B. S. (2000). The Changing Structure of the Nigerian Economy and Implications for Development. Research Department, Central Bank of Nigeria. Realm Communications Ltd, Lagos. Volume 260
Nguelem, E.J.M., Darko, E.O., Ndoutdueng, M. M., Schandorf, C. & Akiti, T.T. (2013). The Natural radioactivity in groundwater from selected areas of Greater Accra region of Ghana by gross alpha and gross beta measurements. Radiat Prot Environ 36: 14-19
Njinga, R.L., Ibrahim, Y.V. & Ishoryiyi, I.J (2015). Radioactivity Analysis in underground drinking water sources in Niger State University of Nigeria, Pollution 1(3),315-324.
Ogundare, F.O., & Nwankwo, C.U. (2014). Radionuclide Content of, and Radiological Hazards associated with Samples from different streams of Metal Recycling Facilities,Radioprotection, 50(1)55-58.
Okunlola, O., & Egbulem, C. (2015). Geological Setting, Compositional and Economic Appraisal of Shale Occurrence in Itu-Mbonuso/Iwere Area, South- Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Geology, 7(1), 85-96.
Onwuemenyi, O. (2010). Agency picks four sites for nuclear power plants. Vanguard Newspaper online.
Rani A. & Singh, S. (2005). Natural radioactivity levels in soil samples from some areas of Himachal Pradesh, India using γ-ray spectrometry. Atmospheric Environment 39(34), 6306-6314.
Rao DD. (2016) Computation of excess lifetime cancer risk for environmental exposures: Is it needed? - An opinion. Radiat Prot Environ 2016;39:1-2.
Rao DD. (2016) Effective doses from terrestrial radiation and their comparison with reference levels. Radiat Prot Environ;39:51‑2.
STUK Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) (2016). Radiological Monitoring of the Environment of Nuclear facility guide, YVL C.7, 6-7.
Taskin, H., Karavus, M., Topuzoghi, P. Ay., Hindiroglu, S. & Karaha G. (2009). Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to the gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100,49- 53.
Udom, G. J. (2004). Regional Hydrogeology of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Using Lithological, Pump Testing and Resistivity Data. (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, University of Calabar.
United Nation Development Programme (2005). A Guide to Energy’s Role in Reducing Poverty. Energizing the Millennium Development Goals, United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000a). Exposures from natural radiation sources, Annex B New York, USA.
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (2000b). Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiations. United. Nations. New York,
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. New York, United Nations. New York. United Nations.
Usikalu M.R, Anoka O.C & Balogun F.A (2011). Radioactivity measurement was of the Tin Mine of the Jos Plateau Northern Nigeria, Scholars Research Library 2(2),80-86.
William, K. (2013). A Review of the Effects of Radiation on Microstructure and Properties of Concretes Used in Nuclear Power Plants. NUREG/CR-7171 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. US.
World Health Organisation (WHO). Radiological aspects in Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2011:203-218
Xinwei, L. (2005). Natural radioactivity in some building materials of Xi'an, China. Radiation Measurements, 40(1), 94-97.
Youdeowei, T. ¬(2017). Nigeria signs pact with Russia on nuclear energy. Vanguard Newspaper-online. Accessed on 21st November, 2018, Available at: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/nigeria-signs-pact-Russia-nuclear-energy/.
Akwa Ibom State (AKS) (2014). Projected Population 2007 – 2015, Ministry Of Economic Development Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, 1, 1-11.
Allen, J.R.L. (2011). The Nigerian Continental Margin, Bottom Sediments, Submarine Morphology and Geological Evolution. Journal of Marine Geology, 1(4), 289-332.
Al‐Sulaiti, H. (2009) Determination of Natural Radioactivity Levels of the State of Qatar Using High‐Resolution Gamma‐ray Spectrometry. MPhil to PhD Transfer Report, Department of Physics (University of Surrey).
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1995). Standard test method for Alpha particle Radioactivity of Water. Standard test method for beta particle radioactivity of water. ASTM D1943-90 and 1890-90.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2005). Standard Guide for High- Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Soil Samples, Annual Book of ASTM Standard International, Standard Worldwide. 12(1), 1402-1404.
Anuforo E. & Onyedika U. N. (2016). Nigeria Russia okay pact to build nuclear plants in Kogi, Akwa-Ibom. Guardian Newspaper online. Last Accessed: November 21, 2018, Available at https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria-Russia-okay-pact-to-build- nuclear-plants- in-kogi-akwa
Avwiri, G.O. & Agbalagba, E.O. (2007). Survey of Gross Alpha and Beta Radionuclide Activity in Okpare-Creek Delta State. Nigerian Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(22), 3542-3546.
Avwiri, G.O., Osimobi, J.C., & Ononugbo, C. P. (2016). Gross Alpha and Beta Activity Concentration and Committed Effective Dose due to intake of water in Solid Mineral Producing Areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physics and Applications, 8(1), 33-43.
Ayoade, B.O. (1998). Adaptation to climate change in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Perspective framework and priorities, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 149-155.
Beka, J.E., & Udom, G.J. (2014). Quality Status of Groundwater in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science Invention Today, 3(5), 436-449.
Beretka, J., & Mathew, P.J. (1985). Natural Radioactivity of Australian Building, Materials, Industrial Wastes and By-products. Health Physics, 48, 87-95.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (2011). Timeline, Nuclear Plant Accidents. Last Accessed 23rd March 2018, Retrieved at www.bbc.com/news/world-13047267.
Ekong, G. B., & Audu, B. N. (2014). Gamma Ray Spectroscopy, Effect of Strength and Distance Performance of the Detector. Journal of Science and the Environment 1(2),1-12.
Ekong, G. B., Sambo, I., & Sayaidi, S. (2016). Determination of Radionuclides Surface Concentration and Radiation level in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, 2(1),757-764.
Ekong, G. B., Sambo, I., & Sayaidi, S. (2016). Determination of Radionuclides Surface Concentration and Radiation level in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, 2(1),757-764.
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Abdullahi Mundi., Benson, N. (2020). Natural Radioactivity Level and human exposure assessments in surface waters of Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Radiation and Research (Under Review)
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Akpanowo, M., Benson, N. (2019). Assessment of Radiological Hazard Indices from Exposures to Background Ionizing Radiation Measurements in South-South Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis. 7(2)40-47
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Samson D. Yusuf Akpanowo, M., Benson, N. (2020). Baseline Radioactivity and Associated Radiological Hazard Levels in Soil Samples, Southern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Under Review)
Essien, I.E. & Akpan, E.N. (2016). Evaluation of Radiological Hazard Indices Due to Radioactivity in Quarry Sites in Itu, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 4(3),71-77.
Etuk S.E., Essiett A. A. & Agbasi, O.E. (2017). Measurement of outdoor ambient radioactive radiation and evaluation of radiation indices and Excess Life Cancer Risk within Uyo, Unity Park, Uyo, Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environmental and Earth Science International, 9(4):1-9.
Famuyide,, O.O., Adu A.O., & Ojo M.O. (2004). Socio-Economic Impacts of Deforestation in the Sudano- Sahelian Belt of Nigeria. Journal of Forestry Research and Management, 1(2),94–106.
Hewamanna, R., Sumithrarachchi, C. S., Mahawatte, P., & Nanayakkara, H. L. C. (2001). Natural radioactivity and gamma dose from Sri Lankan clay bricks used in building construction. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 54(2),365- 369
International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards. IAEA Safety Standard Series General Safety Requirement Part 3, IAEA, Vienna, Austria.,
International Atomic Energy Agency (1999). Generic Procedures for Monitoring in a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency. IAEA Vienna Austria, IAEA- TECDOC–1092, 12-156.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2005a). Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations, Radiological Assessment Report Series, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1-59.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2005b). Environmental and Source Monitoring for Purpose of Radiation Protection, IAEA Safety Standard Series No. RS- G-1.8, IAEA,Vienna, Austria, 10-130.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2014a). The use of the international Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) for Event Communication, IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2014b). Managing Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction and Operation in new Nuclear Power Programme, Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-3.11, IAEA, Vienna, Austria,1-30.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (1990). The Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals 21,1-3.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (2009). Application of the Commission’s Recommendation to the protection of people in Emergency Exposure Situation, ICRP Publication, 39, 5-12.
Karekezi, R. (1997). Renewable Energy Technologies in Africa. Zed Books Limited with African Energy Policy Research Network (AFREPREN) and Stockholm Environment Institute.
Knoll G. F. (2010). Radiation Detection and Measurement. Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 123 - 506.
Lilley, J.S (2001). Nuclear Physics -Principle and Applications. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, New York, 4-295.
Mantazul, I. C. (1979). Concentration of Radionuclides in Building and Ceramic Materials of Bangladesh and Evaluation of Radiation Hazard. Journal of Radio- analytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 231(2),122.
Martin A., Harbison, S., Beach K., & Cole, P. (2012). An Introduction Radiation Protection. Fifth Edition, Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education, Hachette UK, 6 -209.
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) (2010). Environmental Impact Assessment Guidance Manual – For Nuclear Power Plants, Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants and Nuclear Waste Management Plants, Government of India, New Delhi, India. 7-8.
Mordi, C. N. O, Englama, A., & Adebusuyi, B. S. (2000). The Changing Structure of the Nigerian Economy and Implications for Development. Research Department, Central Bank of Nigeria. Realm Communications Ltd, Lagos. Volume 260
Nguelem, E.J.M., Darko, E.O., Ndoutdueng, M. M., Schandorf, C. & Akiti, T.T. (2013). The Natural radioactivity in groundwater from selected areas of Greater Accra region of Ghana by gross alpha and gross beta measurements. Radiat Prot Environ 36: 14-19
Njinga, R.L., Ibrahim, Y.V. & Ishoryiyi, I.J (2015). Radioactivity Analysis in underground drinking water sources in Niger State University of Nigeria, Pollution 1(3),315-324.
Ogundare, F.O., & Nwankwo, C.U. (2014). Radionuclide Content of, and Radiological Hazards associated with Samples from different streams of Metal Recycling Facilities,Radioprotection, 50(1)55-58.
Okunlola, O., & Egbulem, C. (2015). Geological Setting, Compositional and Economic Appraisal of Shale Occurrence in Itu-Mbonuso/Iwere Area, South- Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Geology, 7(1), 85-96.
Onwuemenyi, O. (2010). Agency picks four sites for nuclear power plants. Vanguard Newspaper online.
Rani A. & Singh, S. (2005). Natural radioactivity levels in soil samples from some areas of Himachal Pradesh, India using γ-ray spectrometry. Atmospheric Environment 39(34), 6306-6314.
Rao DD. (2016) Computation of excess lifetime cancer risk for environmental exposures: Is it needed? - An opinion. Radiat Prot Environ 2016;39:1-2.
Rao DD. (2016) Effective doses from terrestrial radiation and their comparison with reference levels. Radiat Prot Environ;39:51‑2.
STUK Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) (2016). Radiological Monitoring of the Environment of Nuclear facility guide, YVL C.7, 6-7.
Taskin, H., Karavus, M., Topuzoghi, P. Ay., Hindiroglu, S. & Karaha G. (2009). Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to the gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100,49- 53.
Udom, G. J. (2004). Regional Hydrogeology of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Using Lithological, Pump Testing and Resistivity Data. (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, University of Calabar.
United Nation Development Programme (2005). A Guide to Energy’s Role in Reducing Poverty. Energizing the Millennium Development Goals, United Nations Development Programme.
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000a). Exposures from natural radiation sources, Annex B New York, USA.
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (2000b). Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiations. United. Nations. New York,
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2008). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. New York, United Nations. New York. United Nations.
Usikalu M.R, Anoka O.C & Balogun F.A (2011). Radioactivity measurement was of the Tin Mine of the Jos Plateau Northern Nigeria, Scholars Research Library 2(2),80-86.
William, K. (2013). A Review of the Effects of Radiation on Microstructure and Properties of Concretes Used in Nuclear Power Plants. NUREG/CR-7171 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. US.
World Health Organisation (WHO). Radiological aspects in Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2011:203-218
Xinwei, L. (2005). Natural radioactivity in some building materials of Xi'an, China. Radiation Measurements, 40(1), 94-97.
Youdeowei, T. ¬(2017). Nigeria signs pact with Russia on nuclear energy. Vanguard Newspaper-online. Accessed on 21st November, 2018, Available at: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/nigeria-signs-pact-Russia-nuclear-energy/.
Akwa Ibom State (AKS) (2014). Projected Population 2007 – 2015, Ministry Of Economic Development Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, 1, 1-11.
Allen, J.R.L. (2011). The Nigerian Continental Margin, Bottom Sediments, Submarine Morphology and Geological Evolution. Journal of Marine Geology, 1(4), 289-332.
Al‐Sulaiti, H. (2009) Determination of Natural Radioactivity Levels of the State of Qatar Using High‐Resolution Gamma‐ray Spectrometry. MPhil to PhD Transfer Report, Department of Physics (University of Surrey).
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1995). Standard test method for Alpha particle Radioactivity of Water. Standard test method for beta particle radioactivity of water. ASTM D1943-90 and 1890-90.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2005). Standard Guide for High- Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Soil Samples, Annual Book of ASTM Standard International, Standard Worldwide. 12(1), 1402-1404.
Anuforo E. & Onyedika U. N. (2016). Nigeria Russia okay pact to build nuclear plants in Kogi, Akwa-Ibom. Guardian Newspaper online. Last Accessed: November 21, 2018, Available at https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria-Russia-okay-pact-to-build- nuclear-plants- in-kogi-akwa
Avwiri, G.O. & Agbalagba, E.O. (2007). Survey of Gross Alpha and Beta Radionuclide Activity in Okpare-Creek Delta State. Nigerian Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(22), 3542-3546.
Avwiri, G.O., Osimobi, J.C., & Ononugbo, C. P. (2016). Gross Alpha and Beta Activity Concentration and Committed Effective Dose due to intake of water in Solid Mineral Producing Areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physics and Applications, 8(1), 33-43.
Ayoade, B.O. (1998). Adaptation to climate change in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Perspective framework and priorities, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 149-155.
Beka, J.E., & Udom, G.J. (2014). Quality Status of Groundwater in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science Invention Today, 3(5), 436-449.
Beretka, J., & Mathew, P.J. (1985). Natural Radioactivity of Australian Building, Materials, Industrial Wastes and By-products. Health Physics, 48, 87-95.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (2011). Timeline, Nuclear Plant Accidents. Last Accessed 23rd March 2018, Retrieved at www.bbc.com/news/world-13047267.
Ekong, G. B., & Audu, B. N. (2014). Gamma Ray Spectroscopy, Effect of Strength and Distance Performance of the Detector. Journal of Science and the Environment 1(2),1-12.
Ekong, G. B., Sambo, I., & Sayaidi, S. (2016). Determination of Radionuclides Surface Concentration and Radiation level in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, 2(1),757-764.
Ekong, G. B., Sambo, I., & Sayaidi, S. (2016). Determination of Radionuclides Surface Concentration and Radiation level in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, 2(1),757-764.
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Abdullahi Mundi., Benson, N. (2020). Natural Radioactivity Level and human exposure assessments in surface waters of Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Radiation and Research (Under Review)
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Akpanowo, M., Benson, N. (2019). Assessment of Radiological Hazard Indices from Exposures to Background Ionizing Radiation Measurements in South-South Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis. 7(2)40-47
Ekong, G., Akpa, T., Umaru I., Lumbi, W., Samson D. Yusuf Akpanowo, M., Benson, N. (2020). Baseline Radioactivity and Associated Radiological Hazard Levels in Soil Samples, Southern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Under Review)
Essien, I.E. & Akpan, E.N. (2016). Evaluation of Radiological Hazard Indices Due to Radioactivity in Quarry Sites in Itu, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 4(3),71-77.
Etuk S.E., Essiett A. A. & Agbasi, O.E. (2017). Measurement of outdoor ambient radioactive radiation and evaluation of radiation indices and Excess Life Cancer Risk within Uyo, Unity Park, Uyo, Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environmental and Earth Science International, 9(4):1-9.
Famuyide,, O.O., Adu A.O., & Ojo M.O. (2004). Socio-Economic Impacts of Deforestation in the Sudano- Sahelian Belt of Nigeria. Journal of Forestry Research and Management, 1(2),94–106.
Hewamanna, R., Sumithrarachchi, C. S., Mahawatte, P., & Nanayakkara, H. L. C. (2001). Natural radioactivity and gamma dose from Sri Lankan clay bricks used in building construction. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 54(2),365- 369
International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards. IAEA Safety Standard Series General Safety Requirement Part 3, IAEA, Vienna, Austria.,
International Atomic Energy Agency (1999). Generic Procedures for Monitoring in a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency. IAEA Vienna Austria, IAEA- TECDOC–1092, 12-156.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2005a). Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations, Radiological Assessment Report Series, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1-59.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2005b). Environmental and Source Monitoring for Purpose of Radiation Protection, IAEA Safety Standard Series No. RS- G-1.8, IAEA,Vienna, Austria, 10-130.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2014a). The use of the international Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) for Event Communication, IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
International Atomic Energy Agency (2014b). Managing Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction and Operation in new Nuclear Power Programme, Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-3.11, IAEA, Vienna, Austria,1-30.
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