International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Distribution of Heavy Metals from upstream to downstream in the river Ramganga (W), Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Abstract
Distribution of heavy metals in river Ramganga was studied from Kalagarh (upstream) to Moradabad city (downstream) covering about 100 km stretch during 2018-19, water samples were collected from six sampling stations. The present study aimed to determine heavy metal pollution in the river Ramganga. Eight heavy metals i.e. As, Mo, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Cd were analyzed using plasma induction atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Among the heavy metals, Mn and Cu were found dominated in all the six sampling stations, except Kalagarh upstream. It was noticed that values of As, Cr, Mn and Ni crosses the permissible limit as described by WHO in both winter and summer seasons. It was observed that the concentration of As, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni were found to increase during the summer season which was attributed to low water discharge present in the river. It was noticed that source of heavy metal pollution was different across the six sampling stations. Higher values of arsenic and manganese in the upper reaches of the river was associated with the natural weathering process of rocks while downstream copper, nickel and chromium were dominant because the river water is getting polluted through effluent discharged by the electroplating units of brass industries. Palaze farming is found all along the river downstream and agricultural runoff contributes to the significant pollution in the river. The highest concentration of copper was recorded at Lalbagh which may be due to the metal ash washing activities which are common at this site. The present study indicates that the seasonal mean value of the heavy metal downstream was more than that of upstream.
Keywords
References
References
Abdel-Ghani, N. T., Elchaghaby, G. A. 2007. Influence of operating conditions on the removal of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pbions from wastewater by adsorption. Int. J. Environ. Sci.Tech. c4 (4 ), 451-456.
Akcay, H., Oguz, A., Karapire, C. 2003. Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments. Water Res. 37 (4), 813-822.
Ayas, Z., Ekmekci, G., Yerli, S.V. and Ozmen, M. 2007. Heavy metal accumulation in water, sediments and fishes of Nalihan bird paradise, Turkey. J. Environ. Biol. 28(3), 545-549.
Ayenimo, J.G, Adeeyinwo, C.E. and Amoo, I.A. 2005. Heavy metal pollutants in Warri river, Nigeria. Kragujevac J. Sci. 27, 43-50.
Baig, J.A., Kazi, T.G., Arain, M.B., Afridi, H.I., Kandhro, G.A., Sarfraz, R.A., Jamal, M.K., and Shah, A.Q. 2009. Evaluation of arsenic and other Physico-chemical parameters of surface and groundwater of Jamshoro, Pakistan. J. Hazard Mater. 166 (2-3), 662-669.
Bhatt, S.D. and Pathak, J.K. 1992. Himalayan Environment: Water Quality of the Drainage Basins. Shri Almora Book Depot, Almora,485
Boral, S., Sen, I. S., Tripathi, A.,Sharma, B., and Dhar, S. 2020. Tracking dissolved trace and heavy metals in the Ganga River from source to sink: A baseline to judge future changes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. http//doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009203, 1-22.
Chung, Jin-Yong, Seung-D0 Yu and Young-Seoub Hong.2014. Environmental Source of Arsenic Exposure. J. Prey Med Public Health. 47(5), 253-257.
Cukrov, N., Cmuk, P. Mlakar, M. and Omanovic, D. 2008. Spatial distribution of trace metal in the Krka river, Croatia: an example of self-purification. Chemosphere. 72(10), 1559-1566.
Daityari, S. and Khan, M.Y.A.2017. Temporal and spatial variations in the engineering properties of the sediments in Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 10 (6), 134.
Dassenakis, M., Scoullos, M., Foufa, E., Krasakopoulou, E.,Pavlidou, A.; Kloukiniotou, M. 1998. Effects of multiple source pollution on a small Mediterranean river. Appl.Geochem. 13 (2), 197-211.
Devi, N.L., Yadav, I.C.2018. Chemometric evaluation of heavy metal pollutions in Patna region of the Ganges alluvial plain, India: implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment. Environ. Geochem. Health. 40 (6), 2343–2358.
Harikumar, P. S., Nasir, U. P., Mujeebur Rahman, M. P. 2009. Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 6 (2),225-232.
Joseph, P.V. and Chacko, J. 2006.Distribution of trace metals in the surface sediments of Chitrapuzha, tropical tidal river on the southwest coast of India and implications to industrial pollution. IJEP. 26(10), 892-904.
Kabala, C., Singh, B. R. 2001. Fractionation and mobility of copper lead and zinc in soil profiles in the vicinity of a copper smelter. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2), 485-492.
Kaushik, A., Jain, S., Dawra, J. and Sharma, P. 2003. Heavy metal pollution n various canals origination from river Yamuna in Hariyana. J. Environ. Biol. 24(3), 331- 337
Kaushik, A., Jain, S., Dawra, J. Sharma, P. and Kaushik, C.P. 2001. Heavy metal pollution of river Yamuna in the industrially developing state of Haryana. Indian J. Environ. Health. 43(4), 164-168.
Khan, M. Y. A.,Tian,F., Hasan, F., and Chakrapani, G.J. 2019 . Artificial neural network simulation for prediction of suspended sediment concentration in the River Ramganga, Ganges Basin, India. International Journal of Sediment Research. 34 (2), 95–107.
Mavizhi, P. and Aruna Devi,P.S. 2020. Heavy Metal Concentration in water of the river Cauvery-A case study of Erode Salem and Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu. J. Himalayan Ecol. Sustain. Dev.15, 190-201
Miller, C. V. , Foster, G. D., Majedi, B. F. 2003. Base flow and storm flow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the coastal plain of Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States. Appl. Geochem. 18 (4), 483-501.
Mohd Yawar Ali Khan , Hongchang Hub , Fuqiang Tianc and Jie Wend.2020. Monitoring the Spatio-temporal impact of small tributaries on the hydrochemical characteristics of Ramganga River, Ganges Basin, India. Intl. J. River basin management 18 (2), 231–241.
Mohiuddin, K. M., Ogawa, Y., Zakir, H. M., Otomo, K., Shikazono, N.2011. Heavy metals contamination in the water and sediments of an urban river in a developing country. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 8 (4), 723-736.
Morillo, J., Usero, J., Gracia, I. 2004. Heavy metal distribution in marine sediments from the southwest coast of Spain. Chemosphere. 55 (3), 431-442.
Nicolau, R., Galera, C. A.,Lucas, Y. 2006. Transfer of nutrients and labile metals from the continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean river. Chemosphere. 63 (3), 469-476.
Niemi, J. and Raateland A. 2007. River water quality in the Finnish environment. Bereal Env. Res.12, 571-584
Nimik, D.A. 1998. Arsenic hydrochemistry in an integral river valley- a reevaluation. Groundwater. 36(5), 743-753.
Nouri, J., Lorestani, B., Yousefi, N., Khorasani, N., Hasani, A. H., Seif, S., Cheraghi, M. 2011. Phyto remediation potential of native plants grown in the vicinity of Ahangaran lead–zinc mine (Hamedan, Iran). Environ. Earth Sci. 62(3), 639-644.
Pandey, R.K.m Arya, R.K., Verma, A and Mishra, S.K. 2004. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the wastewater of river Pandu at Kanpur. Poll. Res. 23(2), 335-342
Pueyo, M., Sastre, J., Hernandez, E.,Vidal, M.;,Lopez-Sanchez,J. F.,Rauret, G. 2003. Prediction of trace element mobility in contaminated soils by sequential extraction. J. Environ.Qual. 32 (6), 2054-2066.
Rauf, A., Javed, M., Ubaidullah, M. and Abdullah, S. 2009. Assessment of heavy metals in sediments of the river Ravi, Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol.11, 197–200.
Robeena Sarah, Baby Tabassum, Nida Idrees, Abeer Hashem, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah.2017. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Channa punctatus (Bloch) in river Ramganga (U.P.). India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. 26(2), 62-71
Sabbir, W., M.Z. Rahman,M.M. Hasan, M.N. Khan and S. Ray. 2018. Assessment of Heavy Metals in River water, Sediment and Fish Mussel in Rupsha river under Khulna district, Bangladesh. Int. J. Expt. Agric. 8(1):1-5
Singh, V.K., Singh, K.P. and Mohan, D.2005. Study of heavy metals in water and bed sediments of river Gomti- a tributary of the Ganga river. India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 105(1-3), 43-67
Sinha, D.K. 2004. Level of some heavy metals in waters from Sai river at Rai Bareli India for the pre-monsoon period and after onset of monsoon. Poll. Res. 23(1), 113-116.
Subramanian. V., Madhavan, N. and Naqvi, S.A.S. 2002. Arsenic in Our Environment: A Critical Review. In Environmental Hazards in South Asia, V. Subramaian (Ed). Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi. 189-214.
Yalcin, M.G., Aydin, O. and Elphatip, H. 2008.Heavy metal content and the water quality of Karasu creek in Nigce, Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess. 137(1-3), 169- 178.
References
Abdel-Ghani, N. T., Elchaghaby, G. A. 2007. Influence of operating conditions on the removal of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pbions from wastewater by adsorption. Int. J. Environ. Sci.Tech. c4 (4 ), 451-456.
Akcay, H., Oguz, A., Karapire, C. 2003. Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments. Water Res. 37 (4), 813-822.
Ayas, Z., Ekmekci, G., Yerli, S.V. and Ozmen, M. 2007. Heavy metal accumulation in water, sediments and fishes of Nalihan bird paradise, Turkey. J. Environ. Biol. 28(3), 545-549.
Ayenimo, J.G, Adeeyinwo, C.E. and Amoo, I.A. 2005. Heavy metal pollutants in Warri river, Nigeria. Kragujevac J. Sci. 27, 43-50.
Baig, J.A., Kazi, T.G., Arain, M.B., Afridi, H.I., Kandhro, G.A., Sarfraz, R.A., Jamal, M.K., and Shah, A.Q. 2009. Evaluation of arsenic and other Physico-chemical parameters of surface and groundwater of Jamshoro, Pakistan. J. Hazard Mater. 166 (2-3), 662-669.
Bhatt, S.D. and Pathak, J.K. 1992. Himalayan Environment: Water Quality of the Drainage Basins. Shri Almora Book Depot, Almora,485
Boral, S., Sen, I. S., Tripathi, A.,Sharma, B., and Dhar, S. 2020. Tracking dissolved trace and heavy metals in the Ganga River from source to sink: A baseline to judge future changes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. http//doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009203, 1-22.
Chung, Jin-Yong, Seung-D0 Yu and Young-Seoub Hong.2014. Environmental Source of Arsenic Exposure. J. Prey Med Public Health. 47(5), 253-257.
Cukrov, N., Cmuk, P. Mlakar, M. and Omanovic, D. 2008. Spatial distribution of trace metal in the Krka river, Croatia: an example of self-purification. Chemosphere. 72(10), 1559-1566.
Daityari, S. and Khan, M.Y.A.2017. Temporal and spatial variations in the engineering properties of the sediments in Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 10 (6), 134.
Dassenakis, M., Scoullos, M., Foufa, E., Krasakopoulou, E.,Pavlidou, A.; Kloukiniotou, M. 1998. Effects of multiple source pollution on a small Mediterranean river. Appl.Geochem. 13 (2), 197-211.
Devi, N.L., Yadav, I.C.2018. Chemometric evaluation of heavy metal pollutions in Patna region of the Ganges alluvial plain, India: implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment. Environ. Geochem. Health. 40 (6), 2343–2358.
Harikumar, P. S., Nasir, U. P., Mujeebur Rahman, M. P. 2009. Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 6 (2),225-232.
Joseph, P.V. and Chacko, J. 2006.Distribution of trace metals in the surface sediments of Chitrapuzha, tropical tidal river on the southwest coast of India and implications to industrial pollution. IJEP. 26(10), 892-904.
Kabala, C., Singh, B. R. 2001. Fractionation and mobility of copper lead and zinc in soil profiles in the vicinity of a copper smelter. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2), 485-492.
Kaushik, A., Jain, S., Dawra, J. and Sharma, P. 2003. Heavy metal pollution n various canals origination from river Yamuna in Hariyana. J. Environ. Biol. 24(3), 331- 337
Kaushik, A., Jain, S., Dawra, J. Sharma, P. and Kaushik, C.P. 2001. Heavy metal pollution of river Yamuna in the industrially developing state of Haryana. Indian J. Environ. Health. 43(4), 164-168.
Khan, M. Y. A.,Tian,F., Hasan, F., and Chakrapani, G.J. 2019 . Artificial neural network simulation for prediction of suspended sediment concentration in the River Ramganga, Ganges Basin, India. International Journal of Sediment Research. 34 (2), 95–107.
Mavizhi, P. and Aruna Devi,P.S. 2020. Heavy Metal Concentration in water of the river Cauvery-A case study of Erode Salem and Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu. J. Himalayan Ecol. Sustain. Dev.15, 190-201
Miller, C. V. , Foster, G. D., Majedi, B. F. 2003. Base flow and storm flow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the coastal plain of Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States. Appl. Geochem. 18 (4), 483-501.
Mohd Yawar Ali Khan , Hongchang Hub , Fuqiang Tianc and Jie Wend.2020. Monitoring the Spatio-temporal impact of small tributaries on the hydrochemical characteristics of Ramganga River, Ganges Basin, India. Intl. J. River basin management 18 (2), 231–241.
Mohiuddin, K. M., Ogawa, Y., Zakir, H. M., Otomo, K., Shikazono, N.2011. Heavy metals contamination in the water and sediments of an urban river in a developing country. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 8 (4), 723-736.
Morillo, J., Usero, J., Gracia, I. 2004. Heavy metal distribution in marine sediments from the southwest coast of Spain. Chemosphere. 55 (3), 431-442.
Nicolau, R., Galera, C. A.,Lucas, Y. 2006. Transfer of nutrients and labile metals from the continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean river. Chemosphere. 63 (3), 469-476.
Niemi, J. and Raateland A. 2007. River water quality in the Finnish environment. Bereal Env. Res.12, 571-584
Nimik, D.A. 1998. Arsenic hydrochemistry in an integral river valley- a reevaluation. Groundwater. 36(5), 743-753.
Nouri, J., Lorestani, B., Yousefi, N., Khorasani, N., Hasani, A. H., Seif, S., Cheraghi, M. 2011. Phyto remediation potential of native plants grown in the vicinity of Ahangaran lead–zinc mine (Hamedan, Iran). Environ. Earth Sci. 62(3), 639-644.
Pandey, R.K.m Arya, R.K., Verma, A and Mishra, S.K. 2004. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the wastewater of river Pandu at Kanpur. Poll. Res. 23(2), 335-342
Pueyo, M., Sastre, J., Hernandez, E.,Vidal, M.;,Lopez-Sanchez,J. F.,Rauret, G. 2003. Prediction of trace element mobility in contaminated soils by sequential extraction. J. Environ.Qual. 32 (6), 2054-2066.
Rauf, A., Javed, M., Ubaidullah, M. and Abdullah, S. 2009. Assessment of heavy metals in sediments of the river Ravi, Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol.11, 197–200.
Robeena Sarah, Baby Tabassum, Nida Idrees, Abeer Hashem, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah.2017. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Channa punctatus (Bloch) in river Ramganga (U.P.). India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. 26(2), 62-71
Sabbir, W., M.Z. Rahman,M.M. Hasan, M.N. Khan and S. Ray. 2018. Assessment of Heavy Metals in River water, Sediment and Fish Mussel in Rupsha river under Khulna district, Bangladesh. Int. J. Expt. Agric. 8(1):1-5
Singh, V.K., Singh, K.P. and Mohan, D.2005. Study of heavy metals in water and bed sediments of river Gomti- a tributary of the Ganga river. India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 105(1-3), 43-67
Sinha, D.K. 2004. Level of some heavy metals in waters from Sai river at Rai Bareli India for the pre-monsoon period and after onset of monsoon. Poll. Res. 23(1), 113-116.
Subramanian. V., Madhavan, N. and Naqvi, S.A.S. 2002. Arsenic in Our Environment: A Critical Review. In Environmental Hazards in South Asia, V. Subramaian (Ed). Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi. 189-214.
Yalcin, M.G., Aydin, O. and Elphatip, H. 2008.Heavy metal content and the water quality of Karasu creek in Nigce, Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess. 137(1-3), 169- 178.
References
Abdel-Ghani, N. T., Elchaghaby, G. A. 2007. Influence of operating conditions on the removal of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pbions from wastewater by adsorption. Int. J. Environ. Sci.Tech. c4 (4 ), 451-456.
Akcay, H., Oguz, A., Karapire, C. 2003. Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments. Water Res. 37 (4), 813-822.
Ayas, Z., Ekmekci, G., Yerli, S.V. and Ozmen, M. 2007. Heavy metal accumulation in water, sediments and fishes of Nalihan bird paradise, Turkey. J. Environ. Biol. 28(3), 545-549.
Ayenimo, J.G, Adeeyinwo, C.E. and Amoo, I.A. 2005. Heavy metal pollutants in Warri river, Nigeria. Kragujevac J. Sci. 27, 43-50.
Baig, J.A., Kazi, T.G., Arain, M.B., Afridi, H.I., Kandhro, G.A., Sarfraz, R.A., Jamal, M.K., and Shah, A.Q. 2009. Evaluation of arsenic and other Physico-chemical parameters of surface and groundwater of Jamshoro, Pakistan. J. Hazard Mater. 166 (2-3), 662-669.
Bhatt, S.D. and Pathak, J.K. 1992. Himalayan Environment: Water Quality of the Drainage Basins. Shri Almora Book Depot, Almora,485
Boral, S., Sen, I. S., Tripathi, A.,Sharma, B., and Dhar, S. 2020. Tracking dissolved trace and heavy metals in the Ganga River from source to sink: A baseline to judge future changes. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. http//doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009203, 1-22.
Chung, Jin-Yong, Seung-D0 Yu and Young-Seoub Hong.2014. Environmental Source of Arsenic Exposure. J. Prey Med Public Health. 47(5), 253-257.
Cukrov, N., Cmuk, P. Mlakar, M. and Omanovic, D. 2008. Spatial distribution of trace metal in the Krka river, Croatia: an example of self-purification. Chemosphere. 72(10), 1559-1566.
Daityari, S. and Khan, M.Y.A.2017. Temporal and spatial variations in the engineering properties of the sediments in Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 10 (6), 134.
Dassenakis, M., Scoullos, M., Foufa, E., Krasakopoulou, E.,Pavlidou, A.; Kloukiniotou, M. 1998. Effects of multiple source pollution on a small Mediterranean river. Appl.Geochem. 13 (2), 197-211.
Devi, N.L., Yadav, I.C.2018. Chemometric evaluation of heavy metal pollutions in Patna region of the Ganges alluvial plain, India: implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment. Environ. Geochem. Health. 40 (6), 2343–2358.
Harikumar, P. S., Nasir, U. P., Mujeebur Rahman, M. P. 2009. Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 6 (2),225-232.
Joseph, P.V. and Chacko, J. 2006.Distribution of trace metals in the surface sediments of Chitrapuzha, tropical tidal river on the southwest coast of India and implications to industrial pollution. IJEP. 26(10), 892-904.
Kabala, C., Singh, B. R. 2001. Fractionation and mobility of copper lead and zinc in soil profiles in the vicinity of a copper smelter. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2), 485-492.
Kaushik, A., Jain, S., Dawra, J. and Sharma, P. 2003. Heavy metal pollution n various canals origination from river Yamuna in Hariyana. J. Environ. Biol. 24(3), 331- 337
Kaushik, A., Jain, S., Dawra, J. Sharma, P. and Kaushik, C.P. 2001. Heavy metal pollution of river Yamuna in the industrially developing state of Haryana. Indian J. Environ. Health. 43(4), 164-168.
Khan, M. Y. A.,Tian,F., Hasan, F., and Chakrapani, G.J. 2019 . Artificial neural network simulation for prediction of suspended sediment concentration in the River Ramganga, Ganges Basin, India. International Journal of Sediment Research. 34 (2), 95–107.
Mavizhi, P. and Aruna Devi,P.S. 2020. Heavy Metal Concentration in water of the river Cauvery-A case study of Erode Salem and Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu. J. Himalayan Ecol. Sustain. Dev.15, 190-201
Miller, C. V. , Foster, G. D., Majedi, B. F. 2003. Base flow and storm flow metal fluxes from two small agricultural catchments in the coastal plain of Chesapeake Bay Basin, United States. Appl. Geochem. 18 (4), 483-501.
Mohd Yawar Ali Khan , Hongchang Hub , Fuqiang Tianc and Jie Wend.2020. Monitoring the Spatio-temporal impact of small tributaries on the hydrochemical characteristics of Ramganga River, Ganges Basin, India. Intl. J. River basin management 18 (2), 231–241.
Mohiuddin, K. M., Ogawa, Y., Zakir, H. M., Otomo, K., Shikazono, N.2011. Heavy metals contamination in the water and sediments of an urban river in a developing country. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 8 (4), 723-736.
Morillo, J., Usero, J., Gracia, I. 2004. Heavy metal distribution in marine sediments from the southwest coast of Spain. Chemosphere. 55 (3), 431-442.
Nicolau, R., Galera, C. A.,Lucas, Y. 2006. Transfer of nutrients and labile metals from the continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean river. Chemosphere. 63 (3), 469-476.
Niemi, J. and Raateland A. 2007. River water quality in the Finnish environment. Bereal Env. Res.12, 571-584
Nimik, D.A. 1998. Arsenic hydrochemistry in an integral river valley- a reevaluation. Groundwater. 36(5), 743-753.
Nouri, J., Lorestani, B., Yousefi, N., Khorasani, N., Hasani, A. H., Seif, S., Cheraghi, M. 2011. Phyto remediation potential of native plants grown in the vicinity of Ahangaran lead–zinc mine (Hamedan, Iran). Environ. Earth Sci. 62(3), 639-644.
Pandey, R.K.m Arya, R.K., Verma, A and Mishra, S.K. 2004. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the wastewater of river Pandu at Kanpur. Poll. Res. 23(2), 335-342
Pueyo, M., Sastre, J., Hernandez, E.,Vidal, M.;,Lopez-Sanchez,J. F.,Rauret, G. 2003. Prediction of trace element mobility in contaminated soils by sequential extraction. J. Environ.Qual. 32 (6), 2054-2066.
Rauf, A., Javed, M., Ubaidullah, M. and Abdullah, S. 2009. Assessment of heavy metals in sediments of the river Ravi, Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol.11, 197–200.
Robeena Sarah, Baby Tabassum, Nida Idrees, Abeer Hashem, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah.2017. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Channa punctatus (Bloch) in river Ramganga (U.P.). India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. 26(2), 62-71
Sabbir, W., M.Z. Rahman,M.M. Hasan, M.N. Khan and S. Ray. 2018. Assessment of Heavy Metals in River water, Sediment and Fish Mussel in Rupsha river under Khulna district, Bangladesh. Int. J. Expt. Agric. 8(1):1-5
Singh, V.K., Singh, K.P. and Mohan, D.2005. Study of heavy metals in water and bed sediments of river Gomti- a tributary of the Ganga river. India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 105(1-3), 43-67
Sinha, D.K. 2004. Level of some heavy metals in waters from Sai river at Rai Bareli India for the pre-monsoon period and after onset of monsoon. Poll. Res. 23(1), 113-116.
Subramanian. V., Madhavan, N. and Naqvi, S.A.S. 2002. Arsenic in Our Environment: A Critical Review. In Environmental Hazards in South Asia, V. Subramaian (Ed). Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi. 189-214.
Yalcin, M.G., Aydin, O. and Elphatip, H. 2008.Heavy metal content and the water quality of Karasu creek in Nigce, Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess. 137(1-3), 169- 178.
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