Analysis of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and Particulate Matter(PM) in some regions of the Metropolitan city of Delhi; Anthropogenic activities affecting the quality of air during, before and after the lockdown period.

Rajni Arora, Neera Mehra, Renu Gupta, Tanushri Saxena, Arunima Sahgal

Abstract


Abstract

The problem of air pollution is a health emergency which needs to be addressed. The important indicator of the pollution of air of any area is the Air Quality Index (AQI).    Particulate Matter (PM) is one of the main contaminant of the air majorly due to anthropogenic activities. The present study analyses AQI and PM levels of the four regions of metropolitan city of Delhi which indicate the degree of pollution in each region and the type of  anthropogenic activities affecting air quality. The polluted air impairs the cardiovascular and pulmonary functions of susceptible individuals, especially the Covid survivors. It is suggested that a balance between the health of the air and human activities is essential, so that mandatory steps can be taken to heal the air. Lessons learnt from the lockdown restrictions imposed during Covid-19 may be applied as remedial steps to be taken to curb air pollution.


Keywords


Air pollution, Contaminant, Health, Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Urban

References


Anderson, J.O., Thundiyil, J.G. and Stolbach, A. 2012. Clearing the air: A review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 8, 166-175.

Bai, N., Khazaei, M., van Eeden, S.F. and Laher, I. 2007. The pharmacology of particulate matter air pollution-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 113, 16-29.

Brook, R.D. 2008. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Clinical Science, 115, 175-187.

Brook, R.D., Franklin, B., Cascio, W., Hong, Y., Howard, G., Lipsett, M., Luepker, R., Mittleman, M., Samet, J., Smith Jr, S.C. and Tager, I. 2004. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation, 109, 2655-2671.

Brook, R.D., Rajagopalan, S., Pope III, C.A., Brook, J.R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A.V., Holguin, F., Hong, Y., Luepker, R.V., Mittleman, M.A. and Peters, A. 2010. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121, 2331-2378.

Brunekreef, B. and Holgate, S.T. 2002. Air pollution and health. The Lancet, 360, 1233-1242.

Chen, K., Wang, M., Huang, C., Kinney, P.L. and Anastas, P.T. 2020. Air pollution reduction and mortality benefit during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4, 210-212.

Du, Y., Xu, X., Chu, M., Guo, Y. and Wang, J. 2016. Air particulate matter and cardiovascular disease: the epidemiological, biomedical and clinical evidence. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 8, 8-19.

Ghosh, D. and Parida, P. 2015. Air Pollution and India: Current Scenario. International Journal of Current Research, 7, 22194-22196.

Grzybowski, P.T., Markowicz, K.M. and Musia³, J.P. 2021. Reduction of air pollution in Poland in spring 2020 during the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Remote Sensing, 13, 3784.

Hamanaka, R.B. and Mutlu, G.M. 2018. Particulate matter air pollution: effects on the cardiovascular system. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 680.

Kampa, M. and Castanas, E. 2008. Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution, 151, 362-367.

Liang, F., Liu, F., Huang, K., Yang, X., Li, J., Xiao, Q., Chen, J., Liu, X., Cao, J., Shen, C. and Yu, L. 2020. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and cardiovascular disease in China. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75, 707-717.

Lovriæ, M., Pavloviæ, K., Vukoviæ, M., Grange, S.K., Haberl, M. and Kern, R. 2021. Understanding the true effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on air pollution by means of machine learning. Environmental Pollution, 274, 115900.

Martinelli, N., Olivieri, O. and Girelli, D. 2013. Air particulate matter and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 24, 295-302.

McGuinn, L.A., Ward-Caviness, C., Neas, L.M., Schneider, A., Di, Q., Chudnovsky, A., Schwartz, J., Koutrakis, P., Russell, A.G., Garcia, V. and Kraus, W.E. 2017. Fine particulate matter and cardiovascular disease: comparison of assessment methods for long-term exposure. Environmental Research, 159, 16-23.

Muhammad, S., Long, X. and Salman, M. 2020. COVID-19 pandemic and environmental pollution: A blessing in disguise? Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138820.

Pope III, C.A. 2000. Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biologic mechanisms and who’s at risk? Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 713-723.

Popescu, F. and Ionel, I. 2010. Anthropogenic air pollution sources, Pp. 1-22, In: Kumar, A. (Ed.) Air Quality. IntechOpen Limited, United Nation. Available online at https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/11378

Ridker, P.M., Rifai, N., Stampfer, M.J. and Hennekens, C.H. 2000. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation, 101, 1767-1772.

Ruckerl, R., Ibald-Mulli, A., Koenig, W., Schneider, A., Woelke, G., Cyrys, J., Heinrich, J., Marder, V., Frampton, M., Wichmann, H.E. and Peters, A. 2006. Air pollution and markers of inflammation and coagulation in patients with coronary heart disease. American journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 173, 432-441.

Sharma, A.K., Baliyan, P. and Kumar, P. 2018. Air pollution and public health: the challenges for Delhi, India. Reviews on Environmental Health, 33, 77-86.

Singh, K. and Tripathi, D. 2021. Particulate matter and human health. Pp. 33-48, In: Otsuki, T. (Ed.) Environmental Health. IntechOpen Limited, United Nation. Available online at https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/79308

van Eeden, S.F., Yeung, A., Quinlam, K. and Hogg, J.C. 2005. Systemic response to ambient particulate matter: relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 2, 61-67.

Venter, Z.S., Aunan, K., Chowdhury, S. and Lelieveld, J. 2020. COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, 18984-18990.

https://app.cpcbccr.com/AQI_India.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India#Lockdown_in_2021

https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India#Lockdown_in_2021

https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/pragati-iii-bawana-power-station-india

https://www.who.in/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

COPYRIGHT of this Journal vests fully with the National Instional Institute of Ecology. Any commercial use of the content on this site in any form is legally prohibited.